Preheat oven to 425°F and line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
Prepare the garlic by removing outer skins, trimming the top to expose cloves, and keeping the bulb intact.
Add garlic, cauliflower, potatoes, rosemary, and half of the chopped onion to the baking sheet; season with salt and pepper and drizzle with 1–2 tablespoons olive oil.
Rub oil over the garlic, cover it loosely with foil, and roast for 30 minutes until vegetables are tender and lightly browned.
Let garlic cool slightly, then squeeze the softened cloves from their skins.
Optional: Reserve ½ cup roasted vegetables for topping.
Heat remaining olive oil in a large saucepan and sauté remaining onion until tender, about 3 minutes.
Add roasted vegetables, garlic, rosemary leaves, and vegetable stock; bring to a boil.
Reduce heat, cover, and simmer for 10–15 minutes until vegetables are very soft.
Cool slightly, then blend soup in batches until smooth.
Return soup to pot and whisk in nutritional yeast and mustard.
Thin with almond milk or water if desired, adjust seasoning, and heat through.
Serve topped with chives and reserved roasted vegetables.